Sažetak
On April 28, 2025, the Iberian Peninsula experienced one of the most extensive blackouts in European history, affecting nearly all of mainland Spain and Portugal. This paper provides a structured technical synthesis of the event based solely on official documents and institutional communications available as of June 2025, including reports by the Spanish Government, Red Eléctrica (the national transmission system operator), ENTSO-E public updates, and selected expert commentary. At the time of writing, formal root-cause investigations are still ongoing, and final conclusions may evolve. However, the information currently available indicates that the blackout was not caused by a single fault or cyberattack, but by a complex sequence involving voltage instability, insufficient dynamic reactive support, uncoordinated generator tripping, and systemic protection cascades. These events occurred under conditions of low demand and high instantaneous solar generation, which reduced system inertia and voltage controllability. The incident underscores the need for updated grid code enforcement, more granular visibility of distributed generation, enhanced dynamic voltage support mechanisms, and stronger contingency planning frameworks for low-inertia, inverter-dominated systems.
Ključne riječi
Blackout Iberian Peninsula April 2025 grid stability voltage control renewable integration ENTSO-E Red Eléctrica reactive power system protection blackout recovery high-penetration renewables system collapse frequency response power system resilience.
