Building resilience against space weather effects

Modern technology and socio-economic systems have become increasingly vulnerable to the effects of space weather, geomagnetic and ionospheric disturbances, that undermine the benefits to society. The causes of disruptions lie in vulnerable technologies (such as satellite navigation, power distribution and radio communications) that establish the national infrastructure. Here a resilience scheme for vulnerable technologies in national infrastructure is proposed, that comprise risk assessment, space weather monitoring and forecasting, and corrective actions during the scenarios of intense space weather and ionospheric disturbances, aimed at sustainable and robust operation of both the fundamental technologies and the technology and socio- economic systems and services relying on the national infrastructure.