A hybrid constrained state estimator with pseudo injection measurements

The proposed hybrid state estimator calculates pseudo-injections from the voltage and current phasors collected by Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs). The pseudo-injections are combined with the voltage phasors and conventional measurements as inputs for the iterative algorithm with addition of equality constraints for zero-injections. The methodology is tested on the IEEE test systems with 14, 30, 57 and 118 buses as well as on the Croatian transmission power system and compared to the classical solution that uses conventional measurements only.