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Croatia joined the Schengen Area on 1 January 2023 after 10 years of EU membership. As the last country to join both the EU and the Schengen Area, and as the first post-conflict new EU member state, Croatia offers a specific context for examining various consequences of the recent processes of rebordering and debordering of the EU (Schimmelfennig, 2021). According to Schimmelfennig, effective European integration is characterized by the combination ‘of internal debordering with external rebordering’, and Croatia’s entry into the Schengen Area should have been an example of effective integration. However, the specific historical and contemporary contexts of Croatia’s accession to the EU and the Schengen Area call for a comprehensive assessment of the diverse, and at times contradictory, processes at the micro level. First, we offer an insight into border regions that were borderless regions in socialist Yugoslavia with strong linguistic and cultural similarities and then conflict zones and places of forced migration during the wars in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina in the 1990s. Some of these regions became places of soft borders and increased communication after the end of the wars, only to face the hardening of the borders after Croatia’s accession to the Schengen Area. Second, we provide insight into recent boundary shocks that have slowed the process of internal debordering. Croatia’s entry into the Schengen Area coincided with the increased politicization of migration and the reintroduction of border controls by neighbouring Slovenia, but also by some of the main destination countries such as Germany, Austria and Italy. The 2015 migration crisis led to intense internal rebordering, with Hungary and Slovenia building fences on their borders with Croatia. This resulted with a paradoxical situation of abandoned border crossings and fields separated by wire fences on some parts of the borders.
Taking this specific context into account, there are two main research questions: Do the processes of internal and external rebordering contribute to the rise of Euroscepticism in these regions? Do the processes of internal debordering contribute to the rise of Europeanism in these regions? Disappointment at not seeing the full benefits of the introduction of the Schengen regime, on the one hand, and more difficult communication with the border regions of EU candidate countries, on the other, could contribute to the rise of Euroscepticism. Easier access to benefits of EU member states' border regions could boost pro-EU attitudes. Also we are interested in finding out what other political or socio-cultural processes (of identification) are associated with the establishment of the Schengen border and how and whether Europeanization processes have led to changes in the daily life of citizens along the borders?
Based on a qualitative and quantitative studies of border cities, villages and regions in Croatia and neighbouring countries (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, Slovenia, and Hungary), we analyse the processes of debordering and rebordering, examining their impacts on local communities, cross-border interactions, and the broader political, economic, and social dynamics in the region. We draw on interviews with local political, economic and security actors, as well as with local populations affected by these processes complemented by participant observations, visual ethnography, archival document analysis, and the study of relevant statistical data to provide a comprehensive understanding of the impacts on the ground. Historical processes regarding the positioning of these regions within the European semi-periphery and/or periphery will also be presented. We also use statistical data on cross-border transactions to assess the impact of Croatia's accession to the Schengen Area.
borders; Croatia, European Union; Schengen Area; Europeanization
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